The child should be prepared well in advance so that he anticipates it in a positive way. The parents can take him to school beforehand, showing him around and perhaps meeting the teachers. He should be involved in purchasing any requirements for school, such as a schoolbag, books or clothes. Sometimes it is beneficial for him to meet other children of the same age, who are starting school at the same time.

Starting creche or kindergarten

Starting kindergarten or daycare is just as stressful as starting school, though the child is younger and it is often more difficult to prepare him for it. During the first couple of days, it may be helpful for a parent to stay a little while, rather than leave immediately. Each kindergarten will have its own way of handling a child’s stress, and the preschool teacher will be experienced in handling separation anxiety in young children. Parents need to make sure that their own feelings of anxiety are not transmitted to the child — this will only serve to make things worse.

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I know it is not easy to overcome a fear of addiction and just allow yourself to take as much painkiller as you need. Try to rid yourself of the idea that painkillers are things that enslave you unless you constantly struggle to take them as little as possible. Who would you say is the real slave—the person who is so immobilised and preoccupied by pain that life is miserable for themselves and their family and friends or the one who takes enough painkillers to stay relaxed and comfortable? Uncontrolled pain is a much greater tyrant than painkillers taken so that they do relieve pain.

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Warts near the nailbed are prone to come back.

Plantar warts are often called papillomas and these are warts on the soles of the feet.

They are the same as warts elsewhere but because of the pressure of the foot against the ground or the shoe, the warty tissue is forced inwards and this presses on the sensitive nerve endings in the skin and causes pain.

These warts may be treated like those elsewhere but cutting them out or burning them with the electric diathermy may produce a tender scar.

The warts can be softened by using a local application and the base curetted away.

They do respond well to freezing with liquid nitrogen.

Plantar warts are usually multiple. Venereal warts or condyloma acuminata are the same as the others.

Their difference being that the warm moist conditions of the genital or anal areas produces a different type of wart.

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When this arch is weak, the ball of the foot flattens when weight is put on it. Pressure of the heads of the metatarsals pushing into the pad on the ball of the foot causes a painful callus.

This is a mechanical problem and requires a mechanical solution. A pad of sponge rubber or plastic foam inside the shoe may cushion the effect as the foot presses down. A metatarsal bar on the sole of the shoe will give relief. This shifts the weight behind the metatarsal heads and eases the pressure.

A Plantar wart may be mistaken for a callus. They occur on the soles of the feet, are often called papillomas and are like warts elsewhere on the body being caused by a virus.

Because of pressure when walking and standing, the wart tends to grow inwards. It is painful because the warty tissue presses on the sensitive nerve endings in the skin.

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In those cases where the urine shows no bacteria, the true cause of the symptoms lies in the urethra or at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter. This is called the trigone.

Often, the first attack of urinary infection may be that embarrassing condition known as “honeymoon cystitis”.

This is due to irritation and pressure on the urethra from regular and frequent intercourse in a woman unused to it.

Many a honeymoon has been spoilt for the bride and groom by such an experience, and many women have lost interest in sex because of the discomfort and embarrassment. A few doses of Citralka from the chemist will usually relieve the symptoms. Most doctors will prescribe antibiotics.

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Rices in Australia usually have a high G.L factor because their amylose content is low. On page 34 we described how amylose is a form of starch which is more difficult to digest and results in lower G.L factors. Doongara and Basmati, are high in amylose and have relatively low G.L factors. You can guess at the G.L factor of rice by its appearance after cooking. If it is sticky and individual grains clump together, the rice is likely to have a high G.L factor. On the other hand, if the rice is dry and the grains separate, it is likely to have a relatively low G.L factor. There are many varieties of rice which show intermediate characteristics and therefore have intermediate G.I.s.

A high fat food may have a low G.I. factor. Doesn’t this give a falsely favourable impression of that food for people with diabetes?

Yes it does. The G.L factor of potato crisps or French fries is lower than baked potatoes. The G.L of corn chips is lower than sweet corn. It is important not to base your food choices on the G.L factor alone. It is essential to look at the fat content of foods as well. Low-fat eating is best for everyone, especially people with diabetes.

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Explanations for the extra effects of the cold include an altered sensitivity of catecholamine receptors, and increased thermogenesis through shivering. Endurance activity in the cold appears to have specific fat loss benefits, although this effect seems to be less well developed in men than in women. Exercising in the Arctic is obviously the extreme situation, but it probably carries some lessons for fat loss in extreme conditions. Exercise in the cold may give added advantages in therapy for obesity, provided vigorous exercise is not attempted with cold muscles.

Conversely, over-heating by rugging up with warm clothing while exercising, as is often done in an attempt to ’sweat off fat, may be counter-productive for fat loss. The loss of sweat may result in some weight loss but much of it will be fluid loss.

The body maintains an optimal core temperature of around 37.5°C. In a hot environment, the body has to work to prevent its core temperature from rising. However, the human system for cooling (i.e. Sweating) is passive and costs little extra energy and there is also a natural decrease in energy use to allow dissipation of heat For this reason, techniques of over-heating (i.e. such as saunas and steam baths) are likely to have little long term effect on body mass other than a decrease in body weight through loss of water from sweating.

Myth-information. It is usually believed that heat treatments are better for fat loss than cold. However, it takes less energy for the body to passively cool itself than it does to maintain body heat. Theoretically then, a freezer would be a better fat loss treatment than a sauna bath.

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